Function of the two exchangers is to transport NaCl from the lumen into the cell:

Na+-H+ exchanger

Cl−-formate− anion exchanger

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1645

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Presentation of nonpeptide (lipid and lipid-linked) antigens derived from pathogens involves the nonclassical class I–like CD1 molecule.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1646

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Antibodies serve as physiological bridges between an antigen present on a pathogen, and the cells or molecules that will ultimately destroy it.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1647

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Heavy chain contain more constant region in compare to variable region, in contrast in the light chain variable and constant region are equal.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1648

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

More variability is found in the light chain.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1649

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Heavy chain types- μ, ϒ, α, δ or ε light chain types- κ or λ

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1650

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Hinge region provide the flexibility  and  found in only IgD, IgG and IgA, while hinge region are not found in other two antibodies IgM and IgE.