The energy for Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter is derived from the low intracellular Na+ gradient, which is maintained by the Na+-K+ ATPase

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8764

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

Some thermostable proteins are stabilized by an increased size of the protein’s hydrophobic core, an increased size of the interface between its domains and/or subunits, and a more tightly packed core as evidenced by a reduced surface-to-volume ratio.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8765

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

Disulfide bonds are believed to increase the stability of the native state by decreasing the conformational entropy of the unfolded state due to the conformational constraints imposed by cross-linking (i. e. decreasing the free energy of the unfolded state).  

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8766

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

Most protein have "loops" introduced by disulfides of about 15 residues

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8767

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

Guanidinium ion and urea are chaotropic agents which disrupts hydrophobic core of proteins.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8768

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8769

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology