AFLP uses restriction enzyme-digested genomic DNA as template for PCR amplification using primers that contain the restriction enzyme recognition sites plus a number of, usually 2-3, arbitrary nucleotides.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Loss of p16 mimics overproduction of cyclin Ds

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Loss-of-function mutations in PTC1 permit cell

proliferation in the absence of an Hh signal

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Multi-hit model

LOF mutations in the tumor suppressors APC and p53 and GOF mutation in the oncogene K-RAS establishing that multiple mutations in the same cell are needed for the cancer to form.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

p53

tumor-suppressor gene 

arrest of cells with damaged DNA

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

p53

extremely unstable protein and generally does not accumulate to high enough levels to stimulate transcription under normal conditions

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

MDM2

catalyzes the ubiquitinylation of p53 & targeting it for proteasomal degradation