More detailed footprinting requires a smaller molecule that can

fit into the nooks and crannies of the DNA–protein complex and reveal more of the subtleties of the interaction. A favorite tool for this job is the methylating agent dimethyl sulfate (DMS).

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10040

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

TRAF6 catalyzes synthesis of long K-63-linked polyubiquitin chains that are covalently linked to TRAF6 itself.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10041

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Rather than degradation, poly-K63 ubiquitin chains act as scaffolds that bind proteins that have a poly-K63 ubiquitin-binding domain

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10042

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Poly-K63 ubiquitin-binding domain containing proteins:

Protein kinase TAK1

NEMO subunit of the I-κB kinase

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10043

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Poly-K63 ubiquitin chain brings TAK1 kinase and β subunit of I-κB

kinase, into close proximity so that TAK1 can phosphorylate and activate I-κB kinase

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10044

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

In Notch/Delta pathway, 

signaling molecule is Delta, an integral membrane protein bound to the surface of the signaling cell.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10045

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

In Notch/Delta pathway, 

Notch is receptor protein, on a neighboring responding cell