Dominant gain-of-function mutations in proto-oncogenes and recessive loss-of-function mutations in tumor-suppressor genes are oncogenic.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3094

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Initiation timing depends on accumulating the active initiator protein DnaA and on inhibitors that turn off newly synthesized origins until the next cell cycle

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9968

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

“canonical” Wnt signaling uses a second TM protein, LRP that associates with Frizzled in a Wnt signal– dependent manner.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6297

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Down mutations to decrease promoter efficiency usually decrease conformance to the consensus sequences, whereas up mutations have the opposite effect.

 Mutations in the -35 sequence can affect initial binding of RNA polymerase.

Mutations in the -10 sequence can affect binding or the melting reaction that converts a closed to an open complex.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9994

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

The Wnt-Ca2+ pathway is initiated by Frizzled receptors activating a classical G protein-coupled signaling pathway.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5282

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Negative chronotropic effects are decreases in heart rate.