If 10 protons are pumped out per NADH and 4 must flow in to produce 1 ATP, the proton-based P/O ratio is 2.5 for NADH as the electron donor and 1.5 (6/4) for succinate.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 4499

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Einthoven’s Law

Lead I potential Lead III potential + = Lead II potential

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 4500

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Three unipolar limb leads (Augmented limb leads):

VR (right arm), VL (left arm) and VF (left foot).

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 4501

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

In augmented unipolar limb lead, two of the limbs are connected through the negative terminal of the electrocardiograph, and the third limb is connected to the positive terminal.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 4502

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

When the positive terminal is on the right arm, the lead is known as the aVR lead.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 4503

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

When the positive terminal is on the left arm, the lead is known as the aVL lead.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 4504

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

When the positive terminal is on the left leg, the lead is known as the aVF lead.