Ku70 and Ku80 are the most fundamental components of NHEJ. They constitute a heterodimer that binds to the DNA ends and recruits DNA-PKcs, which is a protein kinase

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Activation of integrins involves:

Conformational changes near the propeller and 

 βA domains

Separation of the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Hemidesmosomes are integrin-containing anchoring junctions that attach cells to elements of the underlying extracellular matrix.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Integrins have an important function in neuroregeneration after injury of the peripheral nervous system.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Three major classes of animal-cell junctions: 

1. Anchoring junctions

2. Tight junctions

3. Gap junctions

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Adherens junctions 

Adhesion type- Cell-cell

Principal CAMs- Cadherins

Cytoskeletal attachment- Actin filament

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Adherens junctions

functions as a tension cable that can internally brace the cell and thereby control its shape