if an individual has only one a gene, the excess b chains form the unusual tetramer b4, which causes hemoglobin H (HbH) disease. The complete absence of a genes results in hydrops fetalis, which is fatal at or before birth.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6558

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

In A cells, preproglucagon is processed primarily to glucagon and major proglucagon fragment (MPGF)

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6559

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

In L cells, preproglucagon is processed primarily to glicentin, & glucagon-like polypeptides 1 and 2. Some oxyntomodulin is also formed

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6560

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

In both A and L cells, residual glicentin-related polypeptide (GRPP) is left

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6561

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

GLP-1 is processed further by removal of its amino-terminal amino acid residues and the product, GLP-1 (7–36), is a potent stimulator of insulin secretion

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6562

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Glucagon is glycogenolytic, gluconeogenic, lipolytic, and ketogenic

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6563

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

The glucagon receptor, found primarily on liver cells, is coupled to the Gαs protein, to activate adenylyl cyclase and increase intracellular cAMP