Each domain consists of -40 kilobases of DNA, or may be smaller, 10 kb each. About -400 domains in the E. coli genome. The ends of the domains appear to be randomly distributed instead of located at predetermined sites on the chromosome.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9914

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Tools against infectious diseases

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9915

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Intracellular infections are the most difficult for the immune system to detect and eradicate; these can be divided into membrane-bound and cytosolic, with differing key immune response mediators

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9916

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Viral Infections

Virus enters a cell via a cell-surface receptor for which it has affinity and preempts cell biosynthetic machinery to replicate all components of itself, including its genome.

This genome replication step is often error prone, generating numerous mutations.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9917

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Influenza virus binds to sialic acid residues

Rhinovirus binds to intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs)

Epstein Barr virus (EBV) binds to type 2 complement receptors on B cells

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9918

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Innate response elements commonly engaged by encounter with viral PAMPs, such as secretion of type I interferons, inflammasome and NK-cell activation, as well as IL-12 production.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9919

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Mechanisms of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses