Innate response elements commonly engaged by encounter with viral PAMPs, such as secretion of type I interferons, inflammasome and NK-cell activation, as well as IL-12 production.

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#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

 The most important of them are 

Genetic Diversity

Species Diversity 

Ecological diversity

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#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

Genetic diversity: It refers to the variety of genes contained within species of plants, animals and micro-organisms. If a species has more genetic variation, it can adapt better to the changed environmental conditions. 

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#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

Diversity within species 

450-700 (mycoplasma)

4000 in bacteria (eg. Escherichia coli)

13,000 in Fruit-fly (Drosophila melanogaster)

32,000 – 50,000 in rice (Oryza sativa)

35,000 to 45,000 in human beings (Homo sapiens sapiens). 

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#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

Species diversity - Number of species

Western Ghats have greater amphibian species diversity than the Eastern Ghats. 

The overall richness of species is concentrated in equatorial regions and tends to decrease as one moves from equatorial to polar regions.India has 390 different mammals (rated eight highest in the world); 1,232 species of birds (eighth in the world); 456 species of reptiles (fifth in the world) and 45,000 plant species, of which most are angiosperms, (fifteenth in the world)

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#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

1. Number of species of animal( In India) 

Arthopoda ( 68389)  > Mollusca (5070) > Protozoa (2577) > Pisces (2546) > Aves (1232) > Reptile (456) > mammal(390) > Amphibian ( 209)  

2. Number of species of vertebrate animal (Global) 

Fish (30000) > Birds (9956) > Reptiles (8240) > Amphibian (6199) > Mammal (5416)

Species diversity in plant Angiosperm >Fungi > Algae > Bryophytes > Fern  > Gymnosperm 

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#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

Ecological diversity: At the ecosystem level, India, for instance, with its deserts, rain forests, mangroves, coral reefs, wetlands, estuaries, and alpine meadows has greater ecosystem diversity than a Scandinavian country like Norway.