There are four known forces that are involved in evolution:

1)mutation,

2) genetic drift

3) gene flow or migration

4) selection.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 4820

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

The confidence level represents the proportion (frequency) of acceptable confidence intervals that contain the true value of the unknown parameter.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 4821

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

In other terms, the confidence intervals are evaluated using the given confidence level from an endless number of independent samples.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 4822

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Confidence Interval Formula

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 4823

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

The null hypothesis is a kind of hypothesis which explains the population parameter whose purpose is to test the validity of the given experimental data.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 4824

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Null hypothesis is either rejected or not rejected based on the viability of the given population or sample.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 4825

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

In other words, the null hypothesis is a hypothesis in which the sample observations result from the chance. It is said to be a statement in which the surveyors want to examine the data. It is denoted by H₀ .