DnaA then acts at three A-T–rich 13-bp tandem repeats located on the left side of oriC.

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#Id: 4237

#Unit 12. Applied Biology

Hayflick limit of animal cell culture

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#Id: 4240

#Unit 12. Applied Biology

Most cells are anchorage dependent and must be cultured while attached to a solid or semi-solid substrate (adherent or monolayer culture), while others can be grown floating in the culture medium (suspension culture). 

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#Id: 4243

#Unit 12. Applied Biology

For optimal cell growth, a constant temperature of 370C and 5–10% CO2 is required for incubators to maintained physiological pH (usually pH 7.2–7.4). 

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#Id: 4244

#Unit 12. Applied Biology

The culture medium provides the necessary nutrients, growth factors, and hormones for cell growth, as well as regulating the pH and the osmotic pressure of the culture.

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#Id: 4246

#Unit 12. Applied Biology

Serum in culture media regulates cell membrane permeability and serves as a carrier for lipids, enzymes, micronutrients, and trace elements into the cell. 

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#Id: 4249

#Unit 12. Applied Biology

The most common antibiotics used are penicillin and streptomycin, which inhibit a wide spectrum of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Penicillin acts by inhibiting the last step in bacterial cell wall synthesis while streptomycin blocks protein synthesis.