Plasma proteins have:  Specific functions

(antibodies & blood clotting proteins)

Nonspecific functions (carriers for various hormones, solutes, and drugs)

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Inactivated or killed- Cholera, Influenza, Polio (Salk vaccine),  Hepatitis A, Rabies and Covaxin

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Subunit Vaccines

Purified macromolecules derived from the pathogen

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Toxoid(inactivated exotoxin)- Diphtheria, Tetanus Subunit- Hepatitis B, Pertussis, Streptococcal pneumonia Conjugate- Haemophilus influenzae type B, Streptococcal pneumonia

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Recombinant Vector Vaccines Recombinant vectors maintain the advantages of live attenuated vaccines while avoiding this major disadvantage. Recombinant vector- Covishield vaccine, Ebola (in clinical testing)

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

DNA Vaccines

Utilizes plasmid DNA encoding antigenic proteins that are injected directly into the muscle of the recipient. DNA vaccine- Zydus cadila vaccine, HPV (in clinical testing) Zika virus (in clinical testing)

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

mRNA vaccine- Moderna covid vaccine