Atrial systole

The P wave is caused by spread of depolarization through the atria and is followed by atrial contraction.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 837

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Alternaria produces the AAL toxin, which activates a plant cell death program in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaves.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 838

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

ToxA is produced by both Stagonospora nodorum and Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis, which cause glume blotch and tan spot disease

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9913

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Infectious diseases are disorders caused by organisms — such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9914

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Tools against infectious diseases

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9915

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Intracellular infections are the most difficult for the immune system to detect and eradicate; these can be divided into membrane-bound and cytosolic, with differing key immune response mediators

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9916

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Viral Infections

Virus enters a cell via a cell-surface receptor for which it has affinity and preempts cell biosynthetic machinery to replicate all components of itself, including its genome.

This genome replication step is often error prone, generating numerous mutations.