Fourth heart sound (S4)

Not audible in normal adults

Heard in ventricular hypertrophy, where ventricular compliance is decreased

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9515

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Phytoplasmas are specialized bacteria that are obligate parasites of the phloem tissue. They are mainly

spread by insects in the families Cicadellidae (leaf hoppers),

Fulgoroidae (plant hoppers), and Psyllidae (jumping plant

lice). 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9740

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Cyanogenic glycosides represent a particularly toxic class of N-containing secondary metabolites. 

Upon tissue damage, these glycosides break down and release hydrogen cyanide (HCN). 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3877

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

The top of the mound continues to emit cAMP pulses and is pushed upwards by the movement of cells underneath

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7424

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

Dictyostelium can utilize one of three survival strategies when food starvation-

 Microcyst formation, favoured in dark & wet conditions, or ammonia levels are high.

 Zygote formation, favoured in dark & wet conditions, & is triggered by ethylene produced by the cells. 

Cell aggregation & differentiation

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10289

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

T-cell lineage