Sequences that arose because of speciation are described as orthologous

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9988

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Frizzled paired with Ror and Ror receptor complex phosphorylates Disheveled

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9989

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Disheveled stimulate activation of the small GTPases Rho and Rac, leading to cytoskeletal rearrangements and cell motility. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9990

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Rho GTPases are the “master builders” of the cell because they can activate an array of kinases and cytoskeletal binding proteins that remodel cytoskeletal elements to alter cell shape and movement

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9991

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Rac and RhoA GTPases coordinate changes in cytoskeleton organization and also through Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) regulate gene expression

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9992

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Wnt/PCP signaling 

Functions to regulate the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton, & influences cell shape and behaviour (migration).

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9993

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Planar Cell Polarity 

direct cells to divide in the same plane (rather than forming upper and lower tissue compartments) and to move within that same plane