The greater the effective nuclear charge the more tightly an electron is held in by the nucleus because there is less electron shield between the valence electrons and the nucleus, and so, the smaller the radius.

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#Id: 9641

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Downstream of Ras is a highly conserved cascade of three protein kinases-

Ras → Raf → MEK → MAP kinase

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#Id: 7419

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

Ultrabithorax (Ubx), is required for the identity of the third thoracic segment.

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#Id: 7280

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

When the stereocilia are pushed toward the kinocilium, the membrane potential is decreased to about –50 mV.

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#Id: 4968

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Very Low Fluence (VLF) Responses

It sensitive to low levels of light (0.1 nmol m -2 . Less than 0.02% is Pfr). These are not photo-reversible and saturate at 50 nmol m -2 . Some examples include;

a) mesocotyl elongation in cereals; and 

b) Arabidopsis seed germination