A third way that gene duplicates arise is by retrotransposition.

Here the messenger RNA from a gene is reverse-transcribed to DNA, which is then integrated into the genome.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3865

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

A second glycoprotein secreted during starvation is CMF (conditioned medium factor)

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3866

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

Histidine phosphatase activity of DhkA causes inactivation of RegA, the accumulation of cAMP and PKA activation, causes spore maturation.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3867

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

CMF stimulates gene expression in parallel with PSF, and both signals potentiate cAMP signaling by inducing genes involved in cAMP synthesis and detection

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3868

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

In prespore cells, PKA activation occurs by signalling cascade that is activated by SDF-3, which triggers the synthesis of GABA

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3869

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

Newly activated genes are:

Adenylate cyclase A (ACA)
PKA
cAMP receptors (cARs)
Extracellular cAMP phosphodiesterase PdsA
An intracellular cAMP phosphodiesterase RegA

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3870

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

Secreted GABA then acts on prestalk cells to induce the cell-surface exposure of the serine protease domain of the ABC transporter TagC.