Close inbreeding is harmful because it increases the proportion of homozygotes and thereby boosts the probability that deleterious and lethal recessive alleles.

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#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Negative assortative mating

People only select mates who are phenotypically different from themselves for selective traits. 

Increases the frequency of heterozygous genotypes (Aa).

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#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Mutation

Mutation has changed the allelic frequency. it increases genetic variation within populations and between population.

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#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

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#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Amount of change in allele frequency as a result of mutation equals the mutation rate times the allelic frequency

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#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

The overall change in allelic frequency is a balance between the opposing forces of forward mutation and reverse  mutation:

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#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Determining allelic frequencies at equilibrium