Guanylate cyclase–activating proteins, 

bind to guanylate cyclase and stimulate its activity, elevating cGMP level and causing the cGMP-gated ion channels to reopen.

TLS Online TPP Program

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#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

 mtDNA replication and segregation to daughter mitochondria is stochastic.

TLS Online TPP Program

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#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Mitochondrial segregation to daughter cells is also stochastic.

TLS Online TPP Program

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#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

When there are mtDNAs with allelic variations in the same cell, called heteroplasmy (either because of inheritance from different parents or because of mutation).

TLS Online TPP Program

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#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Replication of mtDNA may be stochastic because there is no control over which particular copies are replicated, so that in any cycle some mtDNA molecules may replicate more times than others.

TLS Online TPP Program

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#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

A mitochondrion divides by developing a ring around the organelle that constricts to pinch it into two halves. The mechanism is similar in principle to that involved in bacterial division.

TLS Online TPP Program

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#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

The apparatus that is used in plant cell mitochondria is similar to that used in bacteria and uses a homolog of the bacterial protein FtsZ.