Polyandrous

In polyandrous mating systems, one female mates with many males.

Honeybees are polyandrous because the queen often mates with multiple males.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 4240

#Unit 12. Applied Biology

Most cells are anchorage dependent and must be cultured while attached to a solid or semi-solid substrate (adherent or monolayer culture), while others can be grown floating in the culture medium (suspension culture). 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 4243

#Unit 12. Applied Biology

For optimal cell growth, a constant temperature of 370C and 5–10% CO2 is required for incubators to maintained physiological pH (usually pH 7.2–7.4). 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 4244

#Unit 12. Applied Biology

The culture medium provides the necessary nutrients, growth factors, and hormones for cell growth, as well as regulating the pH and the osmotic pressure of the culture.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 4246

#Unit 12. Applied Biology

Serum in culture media regulates cell membrane permeability and serves as a carrier for lipids, enzymes, micronutrients, and trace elements into the cell. 

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#Id: 4249

#Unit 12. Applied Biology

The most common antibiotics used are penicillin and streptomycin, which inhibit a wide spectrum of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Penicillin acts by inhibiting the last step in bacterial cell wall synthesis while streptomycin blocks protein synthesis.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 4250

#Unit 12. Applied Biology

The pH indicator phenol red is used for monitoring the status of the medium. This will change from red at pH 7.2–7.4 to yellow or fuchsia as the pH becomes either acidic or alkaline, respectively.