During infection, most bacteria remain in extracellular spaces and use a specialized mechanism, the type III secretion system (T3SS), to deliver bacterial effector proteins into the plant cell

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5545

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

In the thick segment of the ascending loop of Henle, paracellular reabsorption of cations, such as Mg++, Ca++, Na+, and K+ occur

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5546

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Paracellular reabsorption of cations (K+) causes slight positive charge (+8)of the tubular lumen relative to the interstitial fluid

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5547

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Positive charge forces cations such as Mg++ and Ca++ to diffuse from the tubular lumen through the paracellular space and into the interstitial fluid

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5548

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

In the early distal tubule Approximately 5% of the filtered load of sodium chloride is reabsorbed through sodium-chloride co-transporter 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5549

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

The thiazide diuretics, inhibit the sodium-chloride co-transporter

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5550

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

The second half of the distal tubule and the subsequent cortical collecting tubule have two distinct cell types:  principal cells and intercalated cells