Hamilton’s rule:  It states that an allele that causes an altruistic behavior will spread if the following condition is met (rb>C)

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Catecholamines increase the secretion of insulin and glucagon via β-adrenergic mechanisms and inhibit the secretion of these hormones via α-adrenergic mechanisms

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#Id: 6527

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

The pancreas is composed of two major types of tissues, as: 

the acini

the islets of Langerhans

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#Id: 6528

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Insulin, 

synthesized and secreted 

by the β cells

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#Id: 6529

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Insulin has an AB heterodimer structure with 

One intrachain (A6-A11) 

Two interchain disulfide bridges (A7-B7 and A20-B19)

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#Id: 6530

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6531

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Insulin secretion by the pancreatic beta cells in response to increased blood glucose concentration