The specialist caterpillars of the monarch butterfly

(Danaus plexippus) are insensitive to the terpenoid toxins. They feed on milkweed leaves and retain the cardenolides. As a result, most insectivorous birds quickly learn to avoid eating monarch caterpillars and adult monarch butterflies.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9022

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Trx proteins are characterized by a canonical disulfide active site consisting of Cys‐Gly‐Pro‐ Cys

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9023

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Trx have common tertiary structure called the thioredoxin fold, which consists of five antiparallel beta sheets sandwiched between three alpha helices.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9024

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Trx is regulated by PSII & PSI

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9025

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9026

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Trx regulates plastid phosphoribulokinase (PRK) and NADP–glyceraldehyde-3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP–GAPD) by noncovalent associations with the nuclear‐encoded chloroplast protein CP12 (an ≈8.5‐kDa protein)

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9027

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant