The transformation of a normal cell to a cancer cell is accompanied  by the loss of function of one or more tumor‐suppressor genes. High‐throughput sequencing studies have identified hundreds of genes that are implicated as tumor suppressors in humans. Some of the better characterized genes;

Gene	Primary tumor	Proposed function
i) APC	Colorectal	Binds β-catenin acting as transcription factor
ii) BRCA1	Breast	DNA repair
iii) MSH2, MLH1	Melanoma, pancreatic	p16: Cdk inhibitor ARF: stabilizes p53
iv) E-Cadherin	Breast, colon	Cell adhesion molecule
v) INK4a	Colorectal	Mismatch repair
vi) NF1	Neurofibromas	Activates GTPase of Ras

Choose incorrect matching regarding tumor‐suppressor genes/primary tumor/proposed functions;

#Question id: 11649

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

The red lines in the figure above illustrate the normal relationships between plasma insulin concentration and glucose production in the liver and between plasma insulin concentration and glucose uptake in muscle

In the figure, which lines most likely illustrate these relationships in a patient with type 2 diabetes?

#Question id: 11650

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

The red lines in the figure above illustrate the normal relationships between plasma insulin concentration and glucose production in the liver and between plasma insulin concentration and glucose uptake in muscle.

In the figure, which lines most likely illustrate these relationships in a patient with acromegaly?

#Question id: 11664

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Why are the renal artery and vein critical to the process of osmoregulation in vertebrates?

#Question id: 11665

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes?

#Question id: 11666

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

The osmoregulatory process called secretion refers to the ________.

#Question id: 11667

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Which of the following is characteristic of juxtamedullary nephrons?