Following statements are regarding to the apoptosis which is induced by trophic factors.

A. The presence of specific trophic factors (e.g., NGF) leads to activation of their cognate receptor tyrosine kinases (e.g., TrkA) and activation of the PKB pathway.

B. DNA damage or ultraviolet irradiation leads to induction of synthesis of the BH3-only Puma protein. Puma binds to Bak and Bax as well as to Bcl-2, allowing Bak and Bax to form oligomeric pores.

C. Removal of a cell from its substratum disrupts integrin signaling, leading to release of the BH3-only Bim protein from the cytoskeleton.

D. Binding of extracellular death signals, such as tumor necrosis factor and Fas ligand, to their receptors oligomerizes an associated protein (FADD), which in turn triggers the caspase cascade, leading to cell murder by apoptosis.

Which of the following pathway does not belong to the trophic factor inducing apoptotic pathway?

#Question id: 2082

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Which of the cellular organelles are enclosed by two cellular membranes?

#Question id: 8844

#Unit 9. Diversity of Life Forms

Organic chemistry is a science based on the study of

#Question id: 10161

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

C₄ cycle has been associated with a particular leaf structure, called Kranz anatomy, typical Kranz anatomy exhibits an inner ring of bundle sheath cells around vascular tissues and an outer layer of mesophyll cells. This particular leaf anatomy generates a diffusion barrier that is

 a.) separates the uptake of atmospheric carbon in mesophyll cells from CO2 assimilation by rubisco in bundle sheath cells

 b.) limits the leakage of CO2 from bundle sheath to mesophyll cells

 c.) diffusion gradients—not only between but also within the cells—guide the shuttling of metabolites between the two compartments that operate the C4 cycle

 d.)  Bundle sheath cells surround the vascular tissue, while an outer ring of mesophyll cells is peripheral to the bundle sheath and adjacent to intercellular spaces and the percolates metabolites are transfer to the whole plant cell by vascular tissue

 Find out the correct statements of Krantz anatomy

#Question id: 4481

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Choose correct statements about recognition mechanism of TBP ;

A. TBP causes the minor groove to be widened to an almost flat conformation

B. It also bends the DNA by an angle of ~120o

C. The interaction between TBP and DNA involves maximum number of hydrogen bonds between the protein and the edges of the base.

D. Much of the specificity is imposed by two pairs of phenylalanine side chains that intercalate between the base pairs at either end of the recognition sequence and drive the strong bend in the DNA.

#Question id: 10894

#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

A group of species that interact with each other in their exploitation of a resource gradient are referred to as