TLS Online TPP Program

#Question id: 2228


Proton pumps are used in various ways by members of every domain of organisms: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. What does this fact most probably mean?

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization
  1. Proton gradients across a membrane were used by cells that were the common ancestor of all three domains of life.

  2. The high concentration of protons in the ancient atmosphere must have necessitated a pump mechanism.

  3. Cells of each domain evolved proton pumps independently when oceans became more acidic.

  4. Proton pumps are necessary to all cell membranes.