The horizontal axis of the cladogram depicted below is a timeline that extends from 100,000 years ago to the present; the vertical axis represents nothing in particular. The labeled branch points on the tree (V-Z) represent various common ancestors. Let's say that only since 50,000 years ago has there been enough variation between the lineages depicted here to separate them into distinct species, and only the tips of the lineages on this tree represent distinct species.

 Which pair of scientists below would probably have agreed with the process that is depicted by this tree?

#Question id: 4457

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

In the holoenzyme, which sigma region acts as a molecular mimic of DNA?

#Question id: 4458

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

What structural changes will occur at the time of transition to the open complex and  how we describe this transition in transcription,

#Question id: 4459

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Give correct explanation, why RNA polymerase can initiate a new RNA chain on a DNA template without any primer?

A. Because RNA polymerase starts most transcripts with an A, and that ribonucleotide binds the template nucleotide (T) with only two hydrogen bonds.

B. The enzyme has to make specific interactions with one or all of the DNA template strand, the initiating ribonucleotide, and the second ribonucleotide—holding one (or all) rigidly in the correct orientation to allow chemical attack on the incoming NTP.

C. The structure of the open complex shows that the s region 3/4 linker interacts with the template strand, organizing it in the correct conformation and location to allow initiation.

D. Consistent with this, in experiments using an RNA polymerase containing a s70 derivative lacking this part of s, initiation requires much lower than normal concentrations of one or both of the first two ribonucleotides.

#Question id: 4460

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

During initial transcription, the active center of RNA polymerase is translocated forward relative to the DNA template and synthesizes short transcripts before aborting, then repeats this cycle until it escapes the promoter. Three models have been proposed to account for this;

i. Polymerase moves along the DNA.

ii. The front part of the enzyme moves along the DNA, but because of a flexible region within the enzyme, the back part of the enzyme can remain stationary at the promoter.

iii. The enzyme remains stationary and pulls the DNA into itself.

#Question id: 4461

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

According to some experiments, during initial transcription, the polymerase remains stationary on the promoter, unwinds downstream DNA, and pulls that DNA into itself, which model is this?

#Question id: 4462

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Promoter escape is associated with the breaking of all interactions (at the given promoter) between;