In light reaction, the funneling of excitation from the antenna system toward the reaction centre has been shown,

a.) The excited-state energy of pigments increases with distance from the reaction centre; that is, pigments closer to the reaction centre are lower in energy than those farther from the reaction centre

b.) The energy gradient ensures that excitation transfer toward the reaction centre is energetically favorable and that excitation transfer back out to the peripheral portions of the antenna is energetically unfavourable

c.) Some energy is lost as heat to the environment by this process, but under optimal conditions almost all the excitation energy absorbed in the antenna complexes can be delivered to the reaction centre

d.) The excited-state energy of  pigments decreases with distance from the reaction centre

Which of the following above combination is true?

#Question id: 7010

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

After anchor cell formation, When LIN-12 is used again during vulva formation, it is activated by the primary vulval lineage to

#Question id: 7011

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

The vertebrate brain and spinal cord start their development as a flat plate of neuroepithelial cells that folds up along most of its length to form a tube. The process of forming this neural tube is called neurulation. Which of the following signals play important role in both neurulation and cell fate patterning of neural tube?

#Question id: 7012

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

The differentiated cells divide but maintain their differentiated functions. The new cells do not come from stem cells, nor do they come from the dedifferentiation of the adult cells. Each cell produces cells similar to itself; no mass of undifferentiated tissue forms. This type of regeneration is:

#Question id: 7013

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

In Drosophila development, cell membranes do not form until after the:

#Question id: 7014

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

Microglia are often considered the “immune cells” of the central nervous system, since they function:

#Question id: 7015

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

During the specification of neural crest cells, the neural plate is bordered by neural crest anteriorly and caudally, and by placodal ectoderm anteriorly. If the ectodermal cells receive both BMP and Wnt for an extended period of time, they become