ATM and ATR are protein kinases that become activated following specific types of DNA damage. 

A. ATM becomes activated in response to double‐strand breaks, which are detected by the MRN protein complex. 

B. ATR becomes activated by protein‐coated ssDNA that forms when replication forks become stalled or the DNA is being repaired after various types of damage.

C. ATR phosphorylates and activates the checkpoint kinase Chk2, which phosphorylates p53. D. ATM phosphorylates and activates the checkpoint kinase Chk1, which phosphorylates and inactivates the phosphatase Cdc25.

Which of the following combination is incorrect?

TLS Online TPP Program

#Question id: 12054

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

A 54-year-old woman eats a healthy meal. Approximately 20 min later the woman feels the urge to defecate. Which of the following reflexes results in the urge to defecate when the stomach is stretched?

TLS Online TPP Program

#Question id: 12055

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Which of the following is a likely consequence of ileal resection?

TLS Online TPP Program

#Question id: 12056

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

A 68-year-old woman with hematemesis has heartburn and stomach pain. Endoscopy shows inflammation involving the gastric body and antrum as well as a small gastric ulcer. Biopsies were positive for Helicobacter pylori. H. pylori damages the gastric mucosa primarily by increasing mucosal levels of which substance?

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#Question id: 12057

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

A tsunami tidal wave hits the east coast of South America and the people living there are forced to drink unclean water. Within the next several days, a large number of people develop severe diarrhea and about half of these people expire. Samples of drinking water are positive for Vibrio cholerae. Which of the following types of ion channels is most likely to be irreversibly opened in the epithelial cells of the crypts of Lieberkühn in these people with severe diarrhea?

TLS Online TPP Program

#Question id: 12058

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

A 45-year-old man presents with abdominal pain and hematemesis. An abdominal exam was relatively benign, and abdominal x-rays were suggestive of a perforated viscus. Endoscopy revealed a chronically perforated gastric ulcer, through which the liver was visible. Which of the following is a forerunner to gastric ulcer formation?

TLS Online TPP Program

#Question id: 12059

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

A 19-year-old man is fed intravenously for several weeks following a severe automobile accident. The intravenous feeding leads to atrophy of the gastrointestinal mucosa most likely because the blood level of which of the following hormones is reduced?