The role of ABA signaling during water stress in the guard cells in presence and absence of ABA;

a) Anion effl¬ux leads to depolarization of the plasma membrane, which drives K+ effl¬ux. The eff¬lux of ions (A– and K+) reduces the turgor pressure of guard cells, resulting in stomatal closure.

b) Both OST1 and CPKs phosphorylate and thereby activate plasma membrane anion channels, leading to ef¬flux of anions (A–). But  this process can be inhibited directly by PP2Cs 

c) Inhibition of PP2C activity releases the positive regulator kinase OST1 from inhibition, resulting in both phosphorylation and activation of NADPH oxidases (RBOHs)

d) RBOHs catalyze the formation of apoplastic reactive oxygen species (ROS),  which triggers opening of plasma membrane Ca2+-permeable ion channels 

e) The resulting elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ leads to activation of calcium-dependent protein kinases (CPKs), which can also activates the RBOH proteins further promoting Ca2+ infl¬ux into the cytosol.

Which statements belongs to the presence and absence of ABA during signalling;

I. In presence of  ABA

II. In absence of ABA

Which of the following combination from the given above statements is correct?

#Question id: 11081

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

In which of the following conditions is alveolar Po2 increased and alveolar Pco2 decreased?

#Question id: 11082

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

A 67-year-old man has a solid tumor that pushes against an airway partially obstructing air flow to the distal alveoli. Which point on the ventilation-perfusion line of the O2-CO2 diagram corresponds to the alveolar gas of these distal alveoli?

#Question id: 11083

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

A 55-year-old male has a pulmonary embolism that partially blocks the blood flow to his right lung. Which point on the ventilation-perfusion line of the O2-CO2 diagram corresponds to the alveolar gas of his right lung?

#Question id: 11084

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

The next diagram shows two lung units (S and T) with their blood supplies. Lung unit S has an ideal relationship between blood flow and ventilation. Lung unit T has a comprised blood flow. What is the relationship between alveolar dead space (DALV), physiologic dead space (DPHY) and anatomic dead space (DANAT) for these lung units?

#Question id: 11085

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

The diagrams show changes in the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide as blood flows from the arterial end to the venous of the pulmonary capillaries. Which diagram best depicts the normal relationship between Po2 (red line) and Pco2 (green line) during resting conditions?

#Question id: 11086

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

A 17-year-old female was bicycling without a helmet when she fell and hit her head. In the emergency room, she was not conscious and was receiving ventilator assistance. Her blood gases follow:

PaO2 = 52 mm Hg,

PaCO2 = 75 mm Hg, pH = 7.15, and

HCO3− = 31 mM

The majority of the CO2 was being transported as