Refer to the following experiment, which is designed to test the co evolutionary relationships among an unpalatable butterfly (the  monarch),  a  palatable  butterfly  (the  viceroy),  and  a  butterfly  predator  (the  jay).  Monarch butterflies are reared on three diets: milkweed (their natural food), cabbage, and cabbage treated with an extract from milkweed leaves. Viceroy butterflies, mimics of monarchs, also are reared on three diets: willows (their natural food), cabbage, and cabbage treated with an extract from milkweed leaves. In trial 1 of the first experiment, adult butterflies reared on a particular diet are presented one at a  time  at  1-hour  intervals  to  jays  and  the  jays  are  allowed  to  feed.  Each jay is  fed  until  it refuses to eat the butterfly presented, but no more than 12 butterflies are presented to a jay during a particular test. Five birds are used for each test; therefore, up to 60 butterflies can be consumed for each diet test. The observer records the actual number of butterflies  eaten. In trial 2, the experiment is repeated 2 weeks later. In the second experiment, the butterflies are reared on the same diets as in experiment 1. However, when they are offered to jays, some jays receive a monarch  reared  on  milkweed  before  being  offered  the  butterflies  reared  on  the  experimental  diets;  the  other  group  of jays is  first given a viceroy reared on willow before being  offered the butterflies reared on the experimental diets. The initial butterfly offered is included in the total number eaten, but no more than 12 butterflies are presented to each jay.

In the experiment, which data in the table most strongly indicate that viceroys are not obtaining compounds that will make them unpalatable?

#Question id: 2529

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Cell walls commonly are classified into two major types. This classification is based not on structural or biochemical differences;

A) primary walls and

B) secondary walls

i) walls formed during cell growth

ii) walls that are formed after cell enlargement stops

iii) multilayered walls that are strengthened and waterproofed by lignin

iv) Usually they are thin and simple, but some times may be thick and multilayered, such as those found in collenchyma or in the epidermis

v) highly specialized in structure and composition, reflecting the differentiated state of the cell

Which of the following is the correctly represents features of primary and secondary walls?

#Question id: 2530

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

A thin layer called the middle lamella is found at the interface, middle lamella is typically enriched with acidic polysaccharides_____A______, which may be complexed with_______B__________.

#Question id: 2531

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

The specific linkages between sugar rings, including the specific carbons that are linked together and the configuration of the linkage, are important for the properties of the polysaccharide;

 I) Amylose                             a)β(1,3)-linkages                                  

 II) Cellulose                            b) β (1,4)-linkages

  III) Callose                             c) α(1,4)-linked

                                                 d) α (1,3)-linkages

Which of the following linkage combination is correct linkages of the polysaccharides?

#Question id: 2532

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Nonenzymatic proteins whose exact functions are uncertain. Such proteins may be localized in the walls of specific cell types or more widespread;

cell wall protein                                                                                Tissue localization

A) HRGP (hydroxyprolinerich glycoprotein)                                  i) Xylem, fibers, cortex, root hairs

B) AGP (arabinogalactan protein)                                                  ii) Primary xylem and phloem

C) PRP (proline-rich protein)                                                           iii) Cambium, vascular parenchyma

 D) GRP (glycine-rich protein)                                                          iv) Varied cell-specific expression

Which of the following combination of nonenzymatic protein with its correct location?

#Question id: 2533

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Cellulose microfibrils have an ordered structure and are synthesized at the plasma membrane, given characteristics of microfibrils;

a) Each microfibril is composed of an estimated 18 parallel chains of (1,4)-linked β-D-glucose chains tightly bonded to each other to form a crystalline microfibril

b) Microfibrils have hydrophilic surfaces, populated by polar –OH groups extending from theplane of the sugar rings

c) Microfibrils have hydrophobic surfaces, populated by nonpolar C–H groups populating thesides of stacked glucose chains

 d) microfibril important for enzymatic attack by microbial cellulases, which dock onto the hydrophobic surface and remove one glucan chain at a time

Which of the following from given characterstics of microfibrils is incorrect?

#Question id: 2534

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

How the matrix polysaccharides are differ from the cellulose?