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TLS Online TPP Program

#Question id: 13019

Air masses formed over the Pacific Ocean are moved by prevailing westerlies where they encounter extensive north- south mountain ranges, such as the Sierra Nevada and the Cascades. Which statement best describes the changes that these air masses undergo?

#Unit 10. Ecological Principles
  1. The cool, moist Pacific air heats up as it rises, releasing its precipitation as it passes the tops of the mountains, and this warm, now dry air cools as it descends on the leeward side of the range.
  2. The warm, moist Pacific air rises and cools, releasing precipitation as it moves up the windward side of the range, and this cool, now dry air mass heats up as it descends on the leeward side of the range.
  3. The  cool,  dry  Pacific air  heats and  picks  up  moisture from  evaporation of  the  snowcapped peaks of  the mountain range, releasing this moisture as precipitation as the air cools as it descends on the leeward side of the range.
  4. These air masses are blocked by these mountain ranges producing high annual amounts of precipitation on the windward sides of these mountain ranges.
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TLS Online TPP Program

#Question id: 1198

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Both epinephrine and glucagon bind to G protein-coupled receptors and activate glycogen breakdown. Therefore, epinephrine and glucagon must:
TLS Online TPP Program

#Question id: 1199

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

If you break liver cells by homogenization, separate the broken cell membranes (particulate) from the cytoplasm (soluble), and add epinephrine to the soluble portion, the result will be:
TLS Online TPP Program

#Question id: 1200

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Glucagon binds to the glucagon receptor, which interacts with a membrane-bound G protein, whose α subunit releases GDP and binds GTP. The α subunit then dissociates from the G protein and diffuses to a membrane-bound adenylyl cyclase which produces cAMP. In this scenario, name the

(1) transducer,

(2) effector,

(3) first messenger, and

(4) second messenger.
TLS Online TPP Program

#Question id: 1201

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Epinephrine binds to the same type of receptors in liver, fat, and smooth muscle cells. Yet in liver, glycogen breaks down; in fat, triacylglycerols break down; and smooth muscle cells relax. How can the same hormone produce three such different responses?
TLS Online TPP Program

#Question id: 1202

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

G proteins are said to be self-inactivating. What G-protein function accounts for this?
TLS Online TPP Program

#Question id: 1203

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

People who suffer from thyroid adenomas have constitutively activated G proteins in some cells of the thyroid gland. Tumor cells not only secrete copious quantities of thyroid hormones but also divide and grow excessively. Based on these observations, in what kind(s) of signal transduction pathways do the mutant G proteins participate?