#Question id: 40494
#Applied Microbiology
Assertion (A): Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are essential for eliminating virally infected cells.
Reason (R): CTLs recognize viral peptides displayed on MHC-I molecules, which are expressed by nearly all nucleated cells.
#Question id: 40495
#Applied Microbiology
Match the T-cell component/type in Column A with its corresponding partner in Column B:
| Column A (Cell/Receptor) | Column B (Interaction Partner) |
| 1. Cytotoxic T Cell (CD8+) | i. MHC-II |
| 2. Helper T Cell (CD4+) | ii. MHC-I |
| 3. B Cell | iii. CD3 Complex |
| 4. TCR Signaling | iv. Native Antigen |
#Question id: 40496
#Applied Microbiology
During which stage of wastewater treatment are activated sludge and trickling filters typically utilized?
#Question id: 40497
#Applied Microbiology
Consider the following statements regarding the products of wastewater treatment:
Statement I: The insoluble organic solids that settle during primary and secondary treatment are referred to as sludge.
Statement II: Anaerobic digestion of sludge produces biogas, which can be used as a renewable energy source.
#Question id: 40498
#Applied Microbiology
Assertion (A): Tertiary treatment is often considered the most expensive and advanced stage of wastewater treatment.
Reason (R): It involves specialized processes like UV radiation, chlorination, or reverse osmosis to remove specific contaminants and pathogens.
#Question id: 40499
#Applied Microbiology
Match the wastewater treatment step in Column A with its primary objective in Column B
| Column A (Step) | Column B (Objective) |
| 1. Bar Screens | i. Removal of dissolved nitrates and phosphates |
| 2. Grit Chamber | ii. Removal of large floating objects (plastics, rags) |
| 3. Secondary Clarifier | iii. Settlement of sand, gravel, and heavy inorganic solids |
| 4. Tertiary Treatment | iv. Separation of biological flocs (activated sludge) |