Hybridoma cells immobilized on surfaces of Sephadex beads are used in a packed column for production of monoclonoal antibodies (Mab). Hybridoma concentration is approximately X = 5 g/l in the bed. The flow rate of the synthetic medium and glucose concentration are Q = 2 l/h and S0 = 40 g/l, respectively. The rate constant for Mab formation is k = 1 gX/l-d. Assume that there are no diffusion limitations and glucose is the rate limiting nutrient.  Determine the volume of the packed bed for 95% glucose conversion. Bed diameter is D0 = 0.2 m. Neglect the growth of the hybridomas and assume first order kinetics. 

#Question id: 11187

#Part-B Specialized Branches in Biotechnology

Refer to the following graph of an action potential to answer the question.

The membrane's permeability to sodium ions is greatest at label ________.

#Question id: 11188

#Part-B Specialized Branches in Biotechnology

Refer to the following graph of an action potential to answer the question.

The minimum graded depolarization needed to operate the voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels is indicated by the label ________.

#Question id: 11189

#Part-B Specialized Branches in Biotechnology

Refer to the following graph of an action potential to answer the question.

At label ________, the cell is not hyperpolarized; however, repolarization is in progress, as the sodium channels are inactivated or becoming inactivated, and many potassium channels have opened.

#Question id: 11190

#Part-B Specialized Branches in Biotechnology

For a neuron with an initial membrane potential at -70 mV, an increase in the movement of potassium ions out of that neuron's cytoplasm would result in the ________.

#Question id: 11191

#Part-B Specialized Branches in Biotechnology

Opening all of the sodium channels on an otherwise typical neuron, with all other ion channels closed (which is an admittedly artificial setting), should move its membrane potential to ________.

#Question id: 11192

#Part-B Specialized Branches in Biotechnology

A graded hyperpolarization of a membrane can be induced by ________.