Breaking a bond always require energy to be added to the molecule. Correspondingly, making a bond always releases energy.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8539

#Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

The short (∼20 amino acid) C-terminal tails of both α- and β-tubulin that protrude from the microtubule are enriched in glutamic and aspartic acids, the surface of the microtubule possesses a net negative charge.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8033

#Section 2: General Biology

Glycine & Proline are relatively polar considering negative hydropathy index (-0.4 & -1.6) comparing to other nonpolar amino acids.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7748

#Section 2: General Biology

Zeff=Z –S

Chlorine would have a Z value of 17 (the atomic number of Chlorine). Continuing to use Chlorine as an example, the 10 inner electrons (S) would screen out the positive charge of ten protons. Therefore there would be and effective nuclear charge of 17-10 or +7.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8025

#Section 2: General Biology

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8151

#Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

Sec12

acts as a GEF factor for Sar1