Negatively charged amino acids have four ionisations zones

1. 1--------pK1 – charge +1

2. pK1---------pKr charge 0

3. pKr---------pK2 charge -1

4. pK2---------14 charge -2

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9215

#Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

Some factor determine Ne

1.Sex ratio.

2.Variation between individual in reproduction success.

3.Fluctuation in population size.

4.The age structure of the population.

5.Mating is random.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9216

#Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

Ne = Male + Female  (when both are equal)

Ne = 4 × n(male) × n(female)/n(male)+n(female) 

(When both unequal Ne is smaller than then sum of both)

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8950

#Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8951

#Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2229

#Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

The Birth of a Gene - Duplication is the most common way that new genes arise in eukaryotes. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8952

#Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

One is unequal crossing over, in which recombination happens between different positions on chromosomes that are misaligned during meiosis. 

Another is replication slippage, in which the DNA polymerase loses its place and copies a segment of chromosome twice.