Negatively charged amino acids have four ionisations zones

1. 1--------pK1 – charge +1

2. pK1---------pKr charge 0

3. pKr---------pK2 charge -1

4. pK2---------14 charge -2

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8146

#Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9177

#Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

Adaptation has costly side effects

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10291

#Section 2: General Biology

The second phase of T-cell development

1.Positive selection: Selection for those cells whose T-cell receptors engage self-MHC.

2.Negative selection: Selection against those cells whose T-cell receptors bind too strongly to self-peptide/MHC combinations.

3.Lineage commitment: Commitment of thymocytes to effector cell lineages, including CD4 helper or CD8 cytotoxic populations

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8141

#Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

Anterograde transport through the golgi occurs by cisternal maturation

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8965

#Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

Most protein-encoding genes, the synonymous rate of change is considerably higher than the nonsynonymous rate because synonymous mutations are tolerated by natural selection