Genetic exchange also happens between distantly related organisms by horizontal gene transfer, or HGT.

HGT is particularly important to prokarytotes and is the most common way by which they acquire new genes.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10318

#Section 2: General Biology

Cytotoxic T cells release granules containing the proteins perforin and granzyme-B. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10319

#Section 2: General Biology

Fas-L on the cytotoxic T cell binds to its receptor, the Fas protein on the tumor cells, an apoptotic signaling pathway in the tumor cells becomes activated, which also leads to tumor cell death. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10320

#Section 2: General Biology

The tumor cells may acquire additional oncogenic mutations that allow them to escape the immune system.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10321

#Section 2: General Biology

The tumor down regulates the expression of class I MHC proteins

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10322

#Section 2: General Biology

Sometimes the tumor cells up-regulate the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins like BCL-2.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10323

#Section 2: General Biology