Incomplete lineage sorting (hemiplasy)

If you make a phylogenetic tree of how the alleles are related to each other, it does not mirror how the species split apart.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10322

#Section 2: General Biology

Sometimes the tumor cells up-regulate the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins like BCL-2.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10323

#Section 2: General Biology

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10324

#Section 2: General Biology

PD-1 has a structure similar to CTLA-4 and when activated negatively regulates T-cell function by inducing apoptosis of activated T cells. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10325

#Section 2: General Biology

Monoclonal Antibodies Against Immune Checkpoint Molecules to Treat Cancers

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10326

#Section 2: General Biology

Antibodies against 

CTLA-4

PD-L1 or PD-1

A CTLA-4-blocking antibody, ipilimumab

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10327

#Section 2: General Biology

Engineering T cells contain specially engineered T cell receptors, called chimeric antigen receptors, and the modified cells are called CAR T cells