Incomplete lineage sorting (hemiplasy)

If you make a phylogenetic tree of how the alleles are related to each other, it does not mirror how the species split apart.

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Amount of change in allele frequency

                        

frequency of G2 will increase and the  frequency of G1 will decrease                      frequency of G1 will increase and the frequency  of G2 will decrease

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The overall change in allelic frequency

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Determining allelic frequencies at equilibrium

      

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Migration

Change in the allelic frequencies is the influx of genes from other populations, commonly called migration or gene flow

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The overall effect of migration is twofold: 

1.it prevents populations from becoming genetically different from one another, 

2.it increases genetic variation within populations.