A steam steriliser is used to sterilise liquid medium for fermentation. The initial concentration of contaminating organisms is 10⁸ per litre. For design purposes, the final acceptable level of contamination is usually taken to be 10^-3cells; this corresponds to a risk that one batch in a thousand will remain contaminated even after the sterilisation process is complete. For how long should 1 m³ medium be treated if the temperature is 140⁰C ________________.

        To be safe, assume that the contaminants present are spores of Bacillus stearothermophilus, one of the most heat-resistant microorganisms known. For these spores the activation energy for thermal death is 283 kJ gmo1^-1 and the Arrhenius constant is 10^36.2 s^-1

#Question id: 27141

#Section 7: Recombinant DNA technology and Other Tools in Biotechnology

For distantly related sequences alignment, which of the method is suitable?

#Question id: 27142

#Section 7: Recombinant DNA technology and Other Tools in Biotechnology

Calculate the percentage sequence identity for the pairwise alignment given below:

#Question id: 27143

#Section 7: Recombinant DNA technology and Other Tools in Biotechnology

The percentage SIMILARITIES and IDENTITIES, respectively, between the two peptide sequences given below will be % and %.

Peptide I:

Phe-Ala-Arg-Arg-Gln-Trp-Leu-Thr-Phe-Thr

Peptide II:

Tyr-Ala-Lys-Glu-Gln-Tyr-Ile-Ser-Phe-Thr

#Question id: 27144

#Section 7: Recombinant DNA technology and Other Tools in Biotechnology

Sequences those have sequence identity in the range of 20-40% falls in the range of

#Question id: 27145

#Section 7: Recombinant DNA technology and Other Tools in Biotechnology

which of the following is an example of local alignment?

#Question id: 27146

#Section 4: Fundamentals of Biological Engineering

In industries titanium is hardened through diffusion of carbon. The concentration of carbon at 1mm into the surface of the titanium slab is 0.25kg/m³ and at 3mm the concentration is 0.68kg/m³. The rate at which the carbon is entering into its surface is 1.27*10-9kg/m².s. calculate the value of diffusion coefficient of carbon.