Sporophylls and Spore Variations

Sporophylls produce clusters of sporangia known as “sori”

Groups of sporophylls form cone-like structures called “strobili” 

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Monocot leaf (Isobilateral leaf) 

Epidermis ;

Consists of upper and lower epidermis.

Both the layers are cutinized.

In some grasses they are large with thin, flexible walled cells called as Motor or Bulliform cells

Mesophyll ;

Not differentiated into palisade and spongy.

Made of parenchyma cells which have Chloroplasts.

Vasular bundle

Arranged in parallel manner.

Conjoint, Collateral and Closed and enclosed by a bundle sheath Xylem (adaxial) and Phloem (abaxial)

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Phosphorylated rhodopsin is restored to its light-sensitive state (R) during dark adaptation by a specific rhodopsin phosphatase

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Cdc25B, activating an initial small pool of cyclin B/1 at the centrosome, which is facilitate centrosome maturation.

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KKXX sorting signal,

binds to a complex of the COPI α and β subunits

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Monomeric G proteins, including Ras and various Ras-like proteins, do not directly bind to receptors but act as intermediate proteins in signal transduction pathways.