Gametophyte 

Spores germinate to give small but multicellular, free living, mostly photosynthetic thalloid gametophytes called “Prothallus”

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In the Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and wasps), Females develop from the queen’s fertilized eggs and are diploid. Males develop from the queen’s unfertilized eggs and are haploid—their sperm are genetically identical

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Each daughter receives an identical set of genes from her father, and the other half of a female’s genes come from her diploid mother.

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Females are more related to their sisters (0.75) than they would be to their own offspring (0.50).

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In haplodiploid organisms, males are haploid, and females are diploid. Consider the relatedness diagram shown below. Female A has a full-sister, Y, who has a daughter, B. The relatedness between A and B is ___________. 

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Reciprocal altruism

Cases of altruism are known to exist between unrelated individuals. What drives this phenomenon is a “You scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours” behavior called reciprocal altruism.