Nurturing Life Sciences
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Essential oils have well-known insect repellent properties.
Essential oils can be extracted from plants by steam distillation and are important commercially in flavoring foods and making perfumes
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#XL - T Zoology
Evolution might favor traits that benefit the population or species, When one individual’s behavior benefits another, the behavior is cooperative.
#Id: 4689
When the fitness interests of two individuals are different, they are in conflict.
The evolution of cooperation and conflict depends on when these kinds of behaviors are favored by natural selection.
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Selfish (cheater) genotypes are expected to increase within populations, a trait that benefits the group would have to evolve by selection among groups, rather than by selection among individual organisms within the groups.
#Id: 4691
Some cells carry a cheater mutation that makes spores but that avoids contributing to the stalk.
#Id: 4692
Reciprocity
When one individual provides a fitness benefit to another, as long as the second individual is likely to return the favor later.
#Id: 4693
Altruism
Altruistic acts serve to benefit the individual’s close relatives, or kin. They enhance the fitness of other individuals—their offspring—at a cost to themselves.
