Phenolic compounds

Flavonoids may protect against damage by ultraviolet Light

Isoflavonoids have antimicrobial activity

Isoflavonoids are found mostly in legumes such as the rotenoids, have strong insecticidal actions; others have anti-estrogenic effects. 

For example, sheep grazing on clover rich in isoflavonoids often suffer from infertility

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#Id: 9215

#XL - T Zoology

Some factor determine Ne

1.Sex ratio.

2.Variation between individual in reproduction success.

3.Fluctuation in population size.

4.The age structure of the population.

5.Mating is random.

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#Id: 9216

#XL - T Zoology

Ne = Male + Female  (when both are equal)

Ne = 4 × n(male) × n(female)/n(male)+n(female) 

(When both unequal Ne is smaller than then sum of both)

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#Id: 4685

#XL - T Zoology

Social behaviour includes all kind of interaction between individuals of the same species.

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#Id: 4686

#XL - T Zoology

Interactions are classified by how they affect the fitnesses of the two individuals.

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#Id: 4687

#XL - T Zoology

Cooperation and selfishness both benefit the donor and therefore should be favoured by natural selection.

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#Id: 4688

#XL - T Zoology

Evolution might favor traits that benefit the population or species, When one individual’s behavior benefits another, the behavior is cooperative.