Phenolic compounds

Flavonoids may protect against damage by ultraviolet Light

Isoflavonoids have antimicrobial activity

Isoflavonoids are found mostly in legumes such as the rotenoids, have strong insecticidal actions; others have anti-estrogenic effects. 

For example, sheep grazing on clover rich in isoflavonoids often suffer from infertility

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Allele’s inclusive fitness = Direct fitness + Indirect fitness

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Hamilton’s rule

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Degree of genetic relatedness

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Altruism in social insects(haplodiploidy) Workers, rarely reproduce themselves but instead help one reproductive female (the queen) to raise offspring, a phenomenon called eusociality.

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In the Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and wasps), Females develop from the queen’s fertilized eggs and are diploid. Males develop from the queen’s unfertilized eggs and are haploid—their sperm are genetically identical