Density-independent factors limit population size regardless of the population’s density.

Common density-independent factors include natural disasters such as tornadoes, hurricanes, floods, and fires.

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Fingolimod—a Sphingosine-1-P Mimic Is an Oral Drug for Multiple Sclerosis

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Excreted S1P provokes many different cell and tissue effects, among them inflammation in allergic reactions, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, malignant transformation, and movement and migration of certain cells.

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Sphingosine itself can be phosphorylated to produce sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) inside cells. 

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The amino group at C-2 bears a fatty acid in amide linkage.

The fatty acid is usually saturated or monounsaturated, with 16, 18, 22, or 24 carbon atoms.

Ceramide is the parent compound for this group.

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