In the most famous example of Lamarck’s theory, giraffes must have stretched their necks to reach foliage above them, and so their necks were lengthened. The longer necks were inherited, and over the course of generations, this process was repeated, and their necks got longer and longer. 

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Incomplete lineage sorting (hemiplasy)

If you make a phylogenetic tree of how the alleles are related to each other, it does not mirror how the species split apart.

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Effects of different evolutionary forces on allelic frequencies

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Nonrandom Mating Affects the Genotypic Frequencies of a Population.

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Nonrandom Mating - Nonrandom mating are two type,

1. Positive assortative mating - Like individuals to mate.

2. Negative assortative mating - Unlike individuals to mate

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Positive assortative mating refers to a tendency for like individuals to mate. For example, humans exhibit positive assortative mating for height.