Migration

Change in the allelic frequencies is the influx of genes from other populations, commonly called migration or gene flow

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ATM and ATR, activate a triad of related protein kinases: Chk1, Chk2, and MK2

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Chk1, Chk2, and MK2

cause cell cycle arrest by inhibiting Cdc25

stabilizing the transcription factor p53, which induces the transcription of CKI p21 

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If the DNA damage is severe, p21 can cause the cells to senesce or p53 can induce apoptosis.

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DNA-PK, ATM, and ATR phosphorylate a variant histone H2AX within the chromatin near the damage site & Phosphorylated H2AX acts as a landing pad for recruiting additional protein complexes that control DNA repair

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