Thus, D glucose in aqueous solution exists as an equilibrium mixture of 5 compounds. The pyranose form predominates in solution.

aD glucofuranose (0.5%)

aD-glucopyranose (37%)

aldehydo- -glucose (0.003%)

bD-glucofuranose (0.5%)

bD-glucopyranose (62%)

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#XL - Q Biochemistry

Mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs)

The portions of the ER membranes that form special contact regions with the mitochondria.

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Membrane contact sites (MCSs)

Mitochondria establish MCSs with many other organelles, including ER, lysosomes, peroxisomes, the plasma membrane, the Golgi, endosomes, and even lipid droplets.

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In healthy mitochondria, PINK1 resides in the mitochondrial matrix.

In damaged or dysfunctional mitochondria, PINK1 resides on the outer mitochondrial membrane, where it recruits cytosolic Parkin.

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Parkinson’s disease is caused by mutations in two gene encoding proteins that can mediate mitophagy:

PINK1 (a kinase)

Parkin (E3 ubiquitin ligase)

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When the environment of a cell has inadequate oxygen, enzymatic modification of proteins on the outer mitochondrial membrane induces mitophagy.

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#XL - Q Biochemistry

Mitophagy provides Mitochondrial Quality Control