Richard hypothesis 

d/w = resource separation ratio.

d/w < 1, species cannot coexist;

1 < d/w < 3, there will be some competition between species

d/w > 3, species coexist harmoniously

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Reciprocal altruism

Cases of altruism are known to exist between unrelated individuals. What drives this phenomenon is a “You scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours” behavior called reciprocal altruism.

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A female vampire bat will regurgitate food to an unrelated female if needed, because at other times she may be the recipient of such a meal.

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Behavior is the observable response of organisms to their stimuli.

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Behavior contributes to the different survival and reproduction of organisms.

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Innate behavior - comes from an animal's heredity.

Instinct (nature), in which adaptation occurs over generations by selection.

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Learned behaviors - which are genetically hardwired and can be performed without any prior experience or training.