Richard hypothesis 

d/w = resource separation ratio.

d/w < 1, species cannot coexist;

1 < d/w < 3, there will be some competition between species

d/w > 3, species coexist harmoniously

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Populations of any species can grow at an incredibly rapid rate, given the right conditions.

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Negative density dependence occurs when the rate of population growth decreases as population density increases.

Ex - limited supply of resources, such as food, nesting sites, and physical space.

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Clustered dispersions

Social groups

Clustered resources

Offspring that remain close to their parents.

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To calculate the future size of a population

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Area- and volume-based surveys, Surveys that define the boundaries of an area or volume and then count all the individuals in the space

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Cumulative finite rate of increase