Negatively charged amino acids have four ionisations zones

1. 1--------pK1 – charge +1

2. pK1---------pKr charge 0

3. pKr---------pK2 charge -1

4. pK2---------14 charge -2

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#XL - T Zoology

Uniform: Competition may cause a uniform dispersion pattern between individuals. The pattern of trees and seedlings may appear random as seedlings develop from seeds dropped at random.

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#XL - T Zoology

1. The dispersion pattern starts out random but ends up uniform.
2. Uniform dispersions may also result from social interactions.
3. Territoriality between animals also causes uniform dispersion patterns.

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#XL - T Zoology

Random: The rarest dispersion pattern is random because resources in nature are rarely randomly spaced.

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#XL - T Zoology

Perfect compensation hypothesis

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#XL - T Zoology

Age-specific fertility rate - Any given age, Proportion of female offspring that are born to females of reproductive age.

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#XL - T Zoology

Thermodynamic hypothesis